Effects of an introduced pathogen on resistance to natural disturbance: beech bark disease and windthrow
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چکیده
In forests of eastern North America, introduced pathogens have caused widespread declines in a number of important tree species, including dominant species such as American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). Most studies have focused on changes in forest composition and structure as a direct result of mortality caused by a pathogen. Our field studies of windthrow resistance in forests of northern New York and northern Michigan demonstrate that resistance of beech trees to windthrow is severely reduced by beech bark disease (BBD). This reduced resistance was primarily due to the increase in the probability of stem breaks of moderately and highly infected beech trees. The severity of BBD infection on individual trees has a significant negative effect on resistance to windthrow. We tested potential consequences of this for long-term composition and structure in these forests by using a simulation model, SORTIE. We found that species such as yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) increased in basal area primarily because of the effect BBD had on the creation of new seedbed substrates. Our results highlight the indirect effects that host-specific pathogens can have on community dynamics and species coexistence in forests. Résumé : Des agents pathogènes non indigènes ont causé des dépérissements généralisés chez plusieurs espèces importantes d’arbres dans les forêts de l’est de l’Amérique du Nord, incluant des espèces dominantes telles le hêtre à grandes feuilles (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). La plupart des études ont mis l’accent sur les changements dans la structure et la composition de la forêt qui sont le résultat direct de la mortalité causée par l’agent pathogène. Les travaux de terrain des auteurs sur la résistance au chablis dans les forêts du nord des États de New York et du Michigan démontrent que la résistance des hêtres au chablis est sévèrement réduite par la maladie corticale du hêtre. Cela est dû principalement à l’augmentation de la probabilité que la tige des hêtres modérément à sévèrement infectés se brise. La sévérité de l’infection a un effet négatif important sur la résistance au chablis des arbres affectés par la maladie. Ils ont testé les conséquences possibles de cette situation sur la composition et la structure de ces forêts à long terme à l’aide du modèle de simulation SORTIE. Ils ont trouvé que les espèces comme le bouleau jaune (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) et la pruche du Canada (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) ont augmenté leur surface terrière principalement à cause de l’effet de la maladie corticale du hêtre sur la création de nouveaux substrats de lits de germination. Leurs résultats mettent en évidence les effets indirects que les agents pathogènes spécifiques à un hôte peuvent avoir sur la dynamique de la communauté et la coexistence des espèces dans les forêts. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Papaik et al. 1843
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تاریخ انتشار 2005